Demography involves the statistical study of human population. As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population, which varies with time or space (see population dynamics). It involves the study of the size, composition and distribution of these populations, and the spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to time, birth, migration, aging, and death.

Because demography is interested in changes in human populations, demography focuses on specific indicators of change. Two of the most important indicators are birth and death rates, also known as fertility (see also fertility) and mortality rates. Additionally, demography is interested in migration trends or the movement of people from one place to another. Some of the typical measures used to detect these elements of population change are discussed below. 

While demography often provides a useful picture of social patterns, it is important to note that - especially in relation to minority groups - it is often difficult to obtain accurate numerical values, and thus the availability of a demographic understanding of social structures and patterns. it occurs. Regarding the constant change. of more accurate data and measurement techniques.

(a) Fertility and Fertility: Fertility, in demography, refers to the ability of females to produce healthy offspring in abundance. Fertility is the potential fertility of a woman

(b) Mortality Rate: Mortality refers to the limited nature of humanity: people die. Mortality in demography is interested in the number of deaths in a given time or place, or the proportion of deaths in relation to a population.