Biodiversity, or biological diversity, refers to the variety of life forms on Earth—ranging from genes to ecosystems. It includes all plants, animals, microorganisms, and the ecosystems they form. Biodiversity is vital for the stability of ecosystems and provides essential services like clean air, water, food, and climate regulation.

Levels of Biodiversity:

1. Genetic Diversity:
   Variation within species (e.g., different breeds of dogs, types of rice).

2. Species Diversity:
   Variety of species in an area (e.g., number of bird species in a forest).

3. Ecosystem Diversity:
   Variety of habitats and ecological processes (e.g., forests, deserts, wetlands in India).

Importance of Biodiversity:

• Ecosystem Stability:
  Enhances resilience to environmental changes.

• Ecosystem Services:
  Includes pollination, nutrient cycling, water purification, and climate control.

• Economic Value:
  Supports agriculture, medicine, and tourism.

• Human Well-being:
  Ensures food security, cultural value, and livelihoods.

Threats to Biodiversity:

• Habitat Loss:
  Caused by deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture.

• Overexploitation:
  Unsustainable hunting, fishing, and harvesting.

• Pollution:
  Air, water, and soil pollution damage biodiversity.

• Climate Change:
  Alters weather patterns and disrupts species survival.

• Invasive Species:
  Non-native species threaten native ecosystems.

Conclusion:
Biodiversity is essential for life on Earth, and its protection is critical for environmental sustainability and human survival.