The discovery of oil in Assam played a critical role in the development of the modern oil industry in India.

The first indication of the presence of oil in Assam was noted in the early 19th century by British geologists. However, it was not until the late 19th century that significant deposits of oil were discovered in the region. The first commercial oil well in Assam was drilled in 1867 by the Assam Railways and Trading Company (ARTC) at Digboi. The oil produced by this well was used primarily for lubrication purposes.

Over the years, the ARTC expanded its operations and set up refineries to process the oil. The demand for oil in India grew rapidly, and soon other companies such as the Burmah Oil Company, the Indian Oil Corporation, and the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) entered the scene.

The development of the oil industry in Assam led to significant economic growth in the region. The oil refineries provided employment opportunities to the local population, and the revenues generated from the industry helped fund the development of infrastructure and other projects in the region.

However, the oil industry in Assam also had its share of controversies. The exploitation of oil resources led to environmental degradation, displacement of indigenous communities, and socio-economic disparities. These issues continue to be a matter of concern and debate in the region.

Despite the challenges, the discovery of mineral oil in Assam remains a significant event in the history of India's industrialization. It paved the way for the development of the modern oil industry in India and helped drive the country's economic growth.