The four characteristics of sociology as a science are:

1. Theoretical. 

2. Empirical.

3. Cumulative. 

4. Non-ethical.

A brief description of the above characteristics is given below:

1. Theoretical: It attempts to summarize complex observations in abstract logically related propositions, which purport to explain causal relationships in the subject matter. Its main aim is to interpret and inter-relate sociological data in order to explain the nature of social phenomena and to produce hypotheses whose final validity can be checked by further empirical research.

2. Empirical: It is based on observation and reasoning, not supernatural/speculative revelations, and its results are not speculative. In the early stages of their creative work, all scientists speculate, of course, but ideally at least, they submit their speculations to the test of fact before announcing them as scientific discoveries. All aspects of sociological knowledge are subject to evaluation made about social behaviour or can be put to test for empirical evidence.

3. Cumulative: Sociological theories are built upon one another, extending and refining the older ones and producing the new ones. As such theoretical integration becomes a goal in the construction of sociological formulations. Thus, sociology is cumulative.

4. Non-ethical: Sociologists do not ask whether particular social actions are good or bad; they seek merely to explain them. It addresses issues. Study of human relations is the prime consideration in sociology. In the context, Morris Ginsberg observes that ethical problems should be dealt with neutrality. Objectivity and rationality based on a thorough knowledge of a situation alone can ensure scientific status to the discipline of sociology.

Conclusion: In all these respects, sociology is far from having reached perfection; but is being steadily made.