(i) In 1785, Cornwallis created a professional cadre of Company servants who had generous salaries, had no private trading or production interests in India, enjoyed the prospect of regular promotion and were entitled to pensions. All high-level posts were reserved for the British, and Indians were excluded.

(ii) Cornwallis apointed British judges, and established British officials as revenue collectors and magistrates in each district of Bengal.

(iii) From 1806 the Company trained its young recruits in Haileybury College near London. Appointments were still organised on a system of patronage, but after 1833 the Company selected amongst its nominated candidates by competitive examination.

(iv) After 1853, selection was entirely on merit and the examination was thrown open to any British candidate. The examination system was influenced by the Chinese model, which had worked well for 2,000 years and had a similar emphasis on classical learning and literary competence.

(v) In 1829 the system was strengthened by establishing districts throughout British India small enough to be effectively controlled by an individual British official who henceforth exercised a completely autocratic power, acting is revenue collector, judge and chief of police functions which had been separate under the Mughal administration). This arrangement later became the cornerstone of imperial administration throughout the British Empire.

(vi) As the civil service was ultimately subject the control of the British Parliament, and the british community in India was subject to close actual surveillance, the administration was irtually incorruptible.

(vii) The army of the Company was a local ercenary force with 20,000-30,000 British ficers and troops. It was by far the most modern d efficient army in Asia. After the Mutiny in 57, the size of the British contingent was raised a third of the total strength and all officers tre British until the 1920s when a very small number of Indians were recruited. Normally, the total strength of the army was about 200,000. This army was very much smaller than those of Mughal India, but had better training and equipment, and the railway network (which was constructed partly for military reasons) gave it greater mobility, better logistics and intelligence.

(viii) The higher ranks of the administration remained almost entirely British until the 1920s when the Indian Civil Services Examinations began to be held in India as well as England. In addition, there was a whole hierarchy of separate bureaucracies in which the higher rank were British, i.e. the revenue, justice, police, education, medical, public works, engineering, postal and railway services as well as provincial civil services, India thus offered highly-paid careers to an appreciable portion of the British middle and upper classes (particularly for its peripheral members from Scotland and Ireland).

(ix) From the 1820s to the 1850s the British demonstrated a strong urge to change Indian social institutions, and to westernise India. They stamped out infant killing and ritual burning of widows (sati), abolished slavery, eliminated dacoits (religious thugs) from the highways, legalised the remarriage of widows, allowed Hindu converts to Christianity to lay claim to their share of joint family property.

(x) They also took steps to introduce a penal code (the code was actually introduced in 1861) based in British law, which helped inculcate some ideas of equality. Under the new law, Brahmin and Sudra were liable to the same punishment for the same offence. Thus rule of law and equality before law were the new norms.

(xi) After the Mutiny of 1857, the Crown took over direct responsibility and the East India Company was disbanded. The Indian Civil Service attracted fewer people with innovating ideas than had the East India Company and was more closely controlled from London.

(xii) The British forged an alliance with the remaining native princes and stopped taking over new territory. Until the end of their rule about a quarter of the Indian population remained in quasi autonomous native states. These had official British residents but were fairly free in internal policy, and the effort of westernisation came to a standstill