Casteism in India is driven by factors such as the desire to protect caste prestige, endogamy (marriage within the same caste), and the influence of urbanization, where individuals often turn to their caste groups for support in new environments. While casteism is largely harmful, some argue it provides a sense of community and support, and has led to the development of strong caste-based organizations.

Causes of Casteism:

• Desire for Caste Prestige: The desire to protect and elevate caste prestige fosters favoritism and exclusivity, often prioritizing caste interests over the broader social good.

• Endogamy: Marrying within one's caste reinforces caste identity, limits social mobility, and perpetuates caste-based structures.

• Urbanization: While urbanization can weaken caste ties, it can also lead to individuals seeking support and familiarity within caste groups in new urban settings.

• Lack of Education and Awareness: Limited education and understanding of the negative impacts of casteism help sustain discriminatory practices.

• Political Mobilization: Caste-based political parties and organizations often exploit caste identities for their own gain, deepening caste divisions.

Merits of Casteism (Controversial):

• Sense of Community and Social Support: Caste can offer a strong sense of belonging and social support, particularly during times of crisis, by providing a pre-established network.

• Organized Social Structure: Some caste-based organizations have provided social welfare, economic support, and political representation for their members, though often at the cost of other groups.

In summary, while casteism can foster a sense of community, it also perpetuates division and discrimination, making it a deeply controversial and harmful system.