1. The movement of the Farazis:
(i) This movement arose among the peasants of early 19th century Bengal. It advocated a return to pure Islam. They followed the teachings of Shah Walliullah of Delhi (1703-63) who had, a century earlier, talked about regaining purity of Islam and objected to infiltration of non-Islamic customs among Muslims.
(ii) Founding leader of the Farazis, Shariat Ullah (1781-1839) preached religious purification and advocated return to the faraiz, i.e. obligatory duties of Islam, namely-kalimah (profession of faith), salat (or namaz), sawn (or rozah), zakat (or alms to poor) and Hajj. He also preached tawhid or monotheism.
2. Tariqah-i-Muhammadiyah movement:
(i) This movement also took place in Bengal. This movement was started under the leadership of Titu Mir who was initiated by Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi.
(ii) This movement also talked about returning to past purity.
3. Another movement which was more concerned about the decline in power of the ulema class (Muslim priestly class) arose at Deoband in the United Provinces.
4. Delhi School of Islamic Thought was derived from the Delhi College (currently Zakir Husain College) which had begun imparting a parallel education-Islamic as well as English. Beginning in the 1830s, the college helped to foster a modern consciousness in the Muslim community. However, the revolt of 1857 and consequent crackdown by the British forces ended this intellectual excitement. However, the urge for modernization could easily be felt among a section of Muslims.
5. (i) Sayyid Ahmad Khan advocated modern education to be given to the Indian Muslims. He called for the study of European science and technology.
(ii) He asked Muslims to adopt some positive features of English society like its discipline, order, efficiency and high levels of education.
(iii) He pointed out that there was no fundamental contradiction between the Quran and Natural Science and the new circumstances demanded dissemination of the English language within an Islamic context.
