Jainism: (i) Though the basic philosophy of the Jainas was already in existence in north India before the birth of Vardhman Mahavira, he is regarded as the founder of Jainism. According to Jaina tradition, Mahavira was preceded by 23 other teachers or tirthankaras. Tirthankaras literally, were those who guide men and women across the river of existence.
(ii) The most important idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated; even stones, rocks and water have life. Non-injury to living beings, especially to humans, animals, plants and insects, is central to Jaina philosophy. In fact, the principle of ahimsa, emphasised within Jainism, has left its mark on Indian thinking as a whole.
(iii) According to Jain teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through karma. Jainism believed that the main goal. of human life is the purification of soul and attainment of nirvana, which means freedom from birth and death.
(iv) According to Jainism, nirvana can be achieved by pursuance of triratna and pancha Mahavratas. Jainism believed that asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of Karma.
(v) Triratna or three jewels are right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct, which can lead to liberation.
(vi) Right conduct means observance of five great vows : ahimsa (do not commit violence) satya vachan (do not speak a lie), asteya (do not steal), brahmacharya (do not indulge in sexual act) and aparigraha (do not acquire property).
(vii) Householders were expected to observe a milder form of the practice of these virtues called anuvrata (small vows) in comparison to the monks.
(viii) The most distinguishing feature of Jainism was the concept of anekantavada or syadavada. It means that the truth can be viewed from aneka or various angles.
(ix) Another important feature of Jainism was its emphasis on extreme forms of penance, austerity, and strict non-violence. Perhaps emphasis on strict discipline was one of the reasons why it could not attract the masses in large number:
(x) Mahavira used Prakrit language to spread his message.
(xi) However, just like other religions Jainism also could not remain united for very long and later divided into sects called the Digambara (who remain naked) and Svetambara (who wear white clothes).
